What differentiates 'substantive' law from 'procedural' law?

The distinction between substantive law and procedural law is fundamental to understanding the legal system. Substantive law comprises the body of laws that define rights and responsibilities, outlining what constitutes lawful and unlawful behavior. It defines the substance of legal rights, such as laws related to contracts, property, and crimes. For example, it establishes what actions can be classified as crimes or what constitutes a breach of contract.

On the other hand, procedural law refers to the rules that govern how legal proceedings operate. It dictates the processes involved in enforcing rights and responsibilities, including how cases are initiated, the conduct of trials, and the appeals process. For example, procedural law dictates how a criminal trial should be conducted, including the rights of defendants and the procedures law enforcement must follow during a trial.

In summary, the correct answer highlights that substantive law is focused on the legality of actions themselves—what is right or wrong—while procedural law provides the framework for how laws are applied and enforced in practice. This clear distinction is critical for anyone studying law or involved in the legal profession, as understanding both aspects is crucial for effective legal practice.